陕西省药用植物特有种的研究

Study on Endemic Medicinal Plants in Shaanxi Province

关键词:  陕西省  药用植物  特有种  分布区类型  珍稀濒危植物

Key words:  Shaanxi province  medicinal plant  endemic species  distribution types  rare and threatened plants

摘要:

目的 明确陕西省区域内药用植物特有种资源现状及其多样性。方法 采用文献资料查阅等方式对陕西省区域内药用植物特有种的种类特有性、物种组成、区系成分、科属类型、药用价值及濒危程度进行研究。结果 在研究区内有自然分布的中国药用植物特有种101科331属共713种。仅在陕西省区域内有自然分布的有15种，其余698种同时在中国其他省份也有自然分布。这713种在陕西省第4次资源普查中有233种（69科159属）未采集到标本。研究区内的药用植物特有种中蕨类植物7科11属共11种，裸子植物4科10属14种，双子叶植物82科278属627种，单子叶植物8科32属59种。研究区内的药用植物特有种的生活型多为草本，其次为灌木和乔木，半灌木和附生植物占比最少。研究区内种数≥20种的有9科，种数≥10种的属有4科。陕西省药用植物特有种所属的90科划分为13个分布区类型并具有9个变型，分布科数较多的是热带分布（2~7类）共计是34科。研究区内药用植物特有种属于国家І级重点保护植物有5种，国家II级重点保护植物有14种；陕西省地方重点保护植物有26种；有21种可以作为中国药典2020年版中收录药材的基原植物。结论 陕西省内药用植物特有种资源丰富，具有很好的药用价值，但部分植物的生长环境较为苛刻，人为破坏较为严重，需要对研究区采取多重保护措施来维持物种多样性和资源的可持续发展。

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE To clarify the resource status and diversity of endemic medicinal plants in Shaanxi province. METHODS The species specificity, species composition, faunal composition, family and genus types, medicinal value and endangerment degree of endemic medicinal plants in Shaanxi province were studied by literature review.RESULTS There were 713 species of 331 genera and 101 families endemic to Chinese medicinal plants in the study area. Fifteen species were naturally distributed only in Shaanxi province, and the remaining 698 species were also naturally distributed in other provinces of China. Among the 713 species, 233 species(69 families, 159 genera) were not collected from the fourth resource census in Shaanxi province. There were 11 species of pteridophytes in 7 families and 11 genera, 14 species of gymnosperms in 4 families and 10 genera, 627 species of dicotyledons in 82 families and 278 genera, and 59 species of monocots in 8 families and 32 genera. The endemic life forms of medicinal plants in the study area were mostly herbaceous, followed by shrubs and trees, and semi-shrubs and epiphytes accounted for the least. There were 9 families with ≥ 20 species and 4 families with ≥ 10 species in the study area. The 90 families belonging to the endemic species of medicinal plants in Shaanxi province were divided into 13 distribution types and 9 variations, and the tropical distribution(2-7 categories) had a total of 34 families. There were 5 endemic species of medicinal plants in the study area under the national class I key protection, and 14 species under the national class II key protection. There were 26 species of plants under local key protection in Shaanxi province. There were 21 plants that could be used as original plants for medicinal materials included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2020 edition). CONCLUSION The endemic species of medicinal plants in Shaanxi province are rich in resources and have good medicinal value. However, the growing environment of some plants is harsh and human damage is serious. Multiple protection measures should be taken to maintain the species diversity and sustainable development of resources in the study area.