中药水蛭的本草考证

Herbal Textual research on Hirudo

关键词:  水蛭  本草考证  基原  产地  炮制  毒性

Key words:  hirudo  textual research  origin, producing area  processing  toxicity

摘要:

通过查阅历代本草及医书典籍，结合现代文献资料，笔者对水蛭药材的名称、基原、产地、炮制、毒性进行考证，以期为水蛭的开发利用及临床合理应用提供参考和依据。经考证发现水蛭别名众多，本草类书籍以“水蛭”为正名。根据古代水蛭以“水生”、“吸血”、“个头小” 为入药原则，我国能合法入药的四个品种中仅水蛭Hirudo nipponica Whitman与传统记载的水蛭品种相符。水蛭在我国资源分布较广，全国各地均有产出，其中山东、江苏、安徽等地为主要产区，现野生资源逐年减少，人工养殖初具规模。水蛭的炮制最早记载于汉代的熬制，其后相继出现了炒、焙等多种炮制方法，其炮制目的主要是减其毒性、矫臭矫味、利于粉碎便于临床应用。在毒性方面，本草类书籍对水蛭的毒性记载不一，现代研究发现其毒性主要是长期服用存在过敏和出血现象，需要通过开展药理、毒理实验以进一步验证。以上可为水蛭正确用药及资源进一步开发利用提供了依据。

Abstract:

By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books, combined with modern documents, the authors conduct textual research on the name, origin, producing area, processing, and toxicity of Hirudo. It provides reference and basis for the development and utilization of Hirudo and its rational clinical application. Through textual research, it can be seen that there are many aliases for Hirudo. Materia Medica books use "shui zhi" as their rectification of name. According to ancient Hirudo with "shui sheng", "xi xue" and "ge tou xiao" as the principles of medicine, among the four varieties that can be legally used as medicine in our country, only the Hirudo nipponica Whitman is consistent with the traditionally recorded Hirudo varieties. It has a wide distribution of resources in our country, all over the country have produced. Among them, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places are the main producing areas. Now the wild resources are decreasing year by year, and artificial breeding is beginning to take shape. The processing of Hirudo was first recorded in the boiling of the Han Dynasty, and subsequently appeared a variety of processing methods such as frying and baking. The main purpose of processing Hirudo was to reduce its toxicity, correct odor, and facilitate crushing for clinical application. In terms of toxicity, Materia Medica books have different records on the toxicity of Hirudo. Modern studies have found that its toxicity is mainly due to allergy and bleeding in long-term use, which needs to be further verified by pharmacological and toxicological studies. The above can provide a basis for the correct use of Hirudo and further development and utilization of resources.