基于4R模型的中美应急药品供应保障机制对比分析与启示

Comparative Analysis and Insights of the Emergency Drugs Supply Guarantee Mechanism Between China and the United States Based on the 4R Model

关键词:  4R模型  应急药品  供应保障  对比分析

Key words:  4R model  emergency drugs  supply guarantee mechanism  comparative analysis

摘要:

目的 为完善中国应急药品供应保障机制建设提供参考。方法 基于4R模型，采用文献研究法，从缩减、预备、响应、恢复4个阶段对中美应急药品的管理措施及运行方式开展系统分析，并进行横向对比。结果 美国在法律制度上的灵活性推动国家战略储备不断走向成熟，专设战略准备和响应管理局负责供应全过程的实施与管理，注重信息系统的开发和实体库存的维护。相比之下，中国国家医药储备强调各司其职，机构方面实行联合管理，储备任务及运输配送则主要由企业承担，整体供应过程中的可操作空间更大，但在针对企业的监管细则上还有待进一步完善。结论 建议中国在结合自身国情的基础上，充分借鉴美国国家战略储备的特色与经验，尽快健全相关法律法规，构建以高效管理机构为核心，信息管理系统为辅的管理体系，同时协助推动企业轮储良性循环，积极开展总结评估工作，以推动应急药品供应保障机制长期的优化发展。

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the construction of China's emergency drugs supply guarantee mechanism. METHODS Based on the 4R model, the literature research method was used to carry out a systematic analysis of the management measures and operation of emergency drugs in China and the United States in four stages: reduction, readiness, response and recovery, and to make a side-by-side comparison. RESULTS The flexibility of the United States in its legal system had contributed to the maturity of strategic national stockpile, with a dedicated Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response responsible for the implementation and management of the entire supply process, focusing on the development of information systems and the maintenance of physical stockpiles. In contrast, China's national pharmaceutical reserve emphasized its respective roles and responsibilities, with joint management of institutions, and the reserve tasks and transportation and distribution were mainly undertaken by enterprises, which provided more room for operation in the overall supply process, but the regulatory rules for enterprises had yet to be further improved. CONCLUSION It is recommended that China, on the basis of its own national conditions, draw on the characteristics and experience of the United States strategic national stockpile, improve and perfect the relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible, build a management system with an efficient management organization at its core, supplemented by an information management system, and at the same time, assist in promoting the virtuous cycle of rotational stockpiling by enterprises, and actively carry out summary and assessment work, in order to promote the optimization and development of the mechanism of guaranteeing the supply of emergency drugs in the long term.